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Surveying has been an important part of civil engineering,
construction, navigation, and some other fields. As technology changed, old
traditional methods are replaced by lots of new and fast methods based on
modern technology.
In this article, we will explain few modern tools of
surveying, their components, uses, advantages, and applications.
Theodolite:
The theodolite, a fundamental instrument in surveying, is
designed for measuring horizontal and vertical angles with remarkable
precision. It has replaced traditional compass and level methods due to its
versatility and accuracy. Here's a detailed look at its components and usage:
Components of a Theodolite:
1. Telescope: Mounted on a horizontal axis, the telescope
provides a line of sight for measurements.
2. Vertical Circle: Graduated for precise vertical angle
measurements.
3. Vernier Frame: Consisting of a vertical arm (T-frame) and
a horizontal arm (index arm) for reading vertical circle graduations.
4. Standards or A-Frame: Supports the telescope and allows
rotation in the vertical frame.
5. Upper Plate: Supports standards and carries Vernier's for
horizontal circle readings.
6. Lower Plate: Attached to the outer spindle, it carries a
graduated circle for horizontal angle measurements.
7. Plate Level: Ensures the vertical axis of the instrument
is truly vertical.
8. Levelling Head: Facilitates levelling of the instrument
using levelling screws.
9. Tripod: Provides stable support for the theodolite.
10. Plumb Bob: Aids in centering the theodolite accurately.
11. Shifting Head: Facilitates precise centering of the
instrument.
12. Magnetic Compass: Optionally included for orientation
purposes.
Usage of Theodolite:
- Measurement of Horizontal Angle: Involves temporary
adjustments, sighting, and reading Vernier's for accurate angle determination.
- Measurement of Vertical Angle: Utilizes levelling procedures and reading of Vernier's on the vertical circle.
Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instruments: Advancing Distance Measurement
Electromagnetic Distance Measuring (EDM) instruments have
revolutionized distance measurement in surveying. They utilize electromagnetic
waves, such as microwaves, infrared waves, or light waves, for precise distance
calculations. Here's an overview:
Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instruments:
1. Micro Wave Instruments: Utilize microwaves for long-range
measurements with high portability.
2. Infrared Wave Instruments: Employ infrared waves for
economical and accurate distance measurements.
3. Light Wave Instruments: Rely on modulated light waves for
precise distance calculations.
Working Principle:
- Propagation and Reflection: Electromagnetic waves are
generated, modulated, and propagated towards the target. They are then
reflected back to the instrument for distance calculation.
- Phase Difference Method: Measures the number of completed
waves and incomplete waves for accurate distance determination.
Total Station:
Total stations combine the functionalities of EDM
instruments and electronic theodolites, offering a comprehensive solution for
surveying tasks. They feature microprocessors, electronic data collectors, and
storage systems for efficient data processing. Let's delve deeper:
Operations of Total Station:
- Distance Measurement: Utilizes EDM instruments for precise
distance calculations.
- Angle Measurements: Electronic theodolite part measures
vertical and horizontal angles accurately.
- Data Processing: Microprocessor processes collected data
to compute various parameters such as coordinates and elevations.
- Display and Storage: Electronic display units showcase
measurement values, while data can be stored and downloaded for further
analysis.
Advantages:
1. Speed and Efficiency: Fieldwork is expedited with rapid
data collection and processing.
2. High Accuracy: Offers precise measurements, reducing
manual errors.
3. Automated Calculations: Microprocessors compute various
parameters swiftly and accurately.
4. Data Compatibility: Collected data can be easily
transferred to computers for further analysis and plotting.
Global Positioning System (GPS):
GPS has transformed the way locations are identified and
navigated, offering high accuracy and efficiency in various applications. Let's
explore its features and applications:
Features of GPS:
- Satellite Network: Consists of geostationary satellites
positioned around the Earth, enabling precise location determination.
- User-friendly: Requires only a GPS receiver for accurate
positioning.
- High Accuracy: Provides accuracies within millimeters with
advanced GPS systems.
- Versatility: Used in various fields such as land
surveying, marine navigation, aviation, and sports.
Applications of GPS:
1. Land Surveying: Facilitates accurate mapping and location
identification.
2. Navigation: Used in marine and airborne navigation for
precise route planning.
3. Civil Engineering: Essential for infrastructure
development and construction projects.
4. Recreational Activities: Enables hikers, yachters, and
outdoor enthusiasts to navigate with ease.
Modern tools of surveying have largely increased accuracy,
efficiency, and versatility in various applications. From theodolites to total
stations and GPS systems, surveyors can use advanced instruments to resolve
technical issues related to surveying.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
What are the main parts of a theodolite, and how do they
help in measuring angles accurately?
The theodolite is packed with essential components that
work together seamlessly to ensure precise angle measurement. Let's break it
down: you've got the telescope, which provides the line of sight necessary for
measurements. Then there's the vertical circle, which is crucial for measuring
vertical angles accurately. The vernier frame allows for precise readings,
while the standards or A-frame provide stability and support. With the upper
and lower plates, along with the plate level, you've got the foundation for
accurate horizontal angle measurement. It's like a well-oiled machine, each
part playing its role to perfection.
How do electromagnetic distance measuring instruments
change the game in surveying?
Imagine ditching the old-school methods of measuring
distances with chains and tapes and stepping into the future with
electromagnetic distance measuring (EDM) instruments. These babies utilize
electromagnetic waves like microwaves, infrared waves, or even light waves to
calculate distances with pinpoint accuracy. No more guesswork or human
error—just precise measurements every time. It's like having a high-tech wizard
in your toolkit, making surveying faster, easier, and way more accurate.
What makes total stations stand out from traditional
surveying tools?
Total stations are the Swiss Army knives of the surveying world, combining the best of electronic theodolites and EDM instruments into one powerhouse device. With built-in microprocessors and electronic data collectors, they take the guesswork out of measurements, crunching numbers faster than you can say "land survey." Plus, they're portable and user-friendly, with features like data storage and compatibility with computers. Total stations aren't just tools—they're game-changers for surveyors looking to up their game.
How does GPS revolutionize the way we navigate and
pinpoint locations?
Say goodbye to getting lost and hello to precision navigation, thanks to the Global Positioning System (GPS). With a network of satellites orbiting overhead, GPS receivers can pinpoint your exact location with mind-blowing accuracy. Whether you're hiking through the wilderness or navigating city streets, GPS has your back. It's like having a personal guide in your pocket, showing you the way with confidence and precision.
